diff --git a/api/app/Models/FormBuilder/FormSubmission.php b/api/app/Models/FormBuilder/FormSubmission.php
index d871a23a..b9be4492 100644
--- a/api/app/Models/FormBuilder/FormSubmission.php
+++ b/api/app/Models/FormBuilder/FormSubmission.php
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ use App\Models\Event;
 use App\Models\Organisation;
 use App\Models\Scopes\OrganisationScope;
 use App\Models\User;
+use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Concerns\HasUlids;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
-use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\BelongsTo;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasMany;
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ final class FormSubmission extends Model
 
     protected static function booted(): void
     {
-        static::addGlobalScope(new OrganisationScope());
+        self::addGlobalScope(new OrganisationScope);
     }
 
     /** @return array{column: string} */
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ final class FormSubmission extends Model
         'first_interacted_at',
         'idempotency_key',
         'identity_match_status',
+        'failure_response_code',
     ];
 
     /** @var array<string, string> */
@@ -80,6 +81,11 @@ final class FormSubmission extends Model
         'review_status' => FormSubmissionReviewStatus::class,
         'apply_status' => ApplyStatus::class,
         'apply_completed_at' => 'datetime',
+        // Plain string (not enum). The exception subclass on
+        // form_submission_action_failures is the canonical source of
+        // classification truth; this column is a denormalised mirror for
+        // response-shape rendering. Per RFC-WS-6 §Q3 v1.3 addition 2.
+        'failure_response_code' => 'string',
         'schema_snapshot' => 'array',
         'is_test' => 'bool',
         'submitted_at' => 'datetime',
diff --git a/api/database/factories/FormBuilder/FormSubmissionFactory.php b/api/database/factories/FormBuilder/FormSubmissionFactory.php
index 4bc4b264..d4ca460a 100644
--- a/api/database/factories/FormBuilder/FormSubmissionFactory.php
+++ b/api/database/factories/FormBuilder/FormSubmissionFactory.php
@@ -64,4 +64,23 @@ final class FormSubmissionFactory extends Factory
             'organisation_id' => $event->organisation_id,
         ]);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Set failure_response_code. Typically used in tests asserting the
+     * downstream rendering behaviour for failed submissions.
+     *
+     * Valid values per RFC-WS-6 §Q3 v1.3 addition 2:
+     * - 'schema_config_error'
+     * - 'temporary_error'
+     * - 'data_integrity_error'
+     * - 'unknown_error'
+     *
+     * Note: writing this value via factory does NOT itself set apply_status
+     * to FAILED. Pair with an explicit apply_status attribute in tests
+     * that need a coherent failed-submission fixture.
+     */
+    public function withFailureResponseCode(string $code): static
+    {
+        return $this->state(fn () => ['failure_response_code' => $code]);
+    }
 }